3 most important English Golden rules

3 Most important English Golden rules

1  Tenses

Past Tense 

Simple Past – I wrote

Past Continuous – I was writing

Past Perfect – I had written

Past Perfect Continuous – I had been writing 

Present Tense 

Simple Present – I write

Present Continuous – I am writing

Present Perfect – I have written

Present Perfect Continuous – I have been writing

Future Tense 

Simple Future– I shall/ will write

Future Continuous  – I shall/ will be writing

Future Perfect – I shall/will have written

Future Perfect Continuous – I shall/ will have been writing 

2  ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE - it is the normal voice that we use most of the time . In this object receives the action of the verb.

Example I write a letter 

She is reading a book

.

PASSIVE VOICE- In this subject receives the action of verb.

Example. A letter is written by me

A book is being read by me.

IMPORTANT RULES

1. The places of subject and object in the sentences are interchanged in passive voice.
2. Third form of verb is used.
3. By is added before the doer of the action.
4. Sentence of intransitive verb [where there to no object] also don't have passive voice.

      5.The subject of active voice will change in passive voice as follows:-

•  Active- I, Passive-Me
• Active- He,Passive-Him
• Active-She,Passive-Her
• Active- You ,Passive-You
• Active-  We ,Passive-Us
• Active- The ,Passive-Them
• Active-Who,Passive-Whom
• Active-It,Passive-It

3.   DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech-  Saying exactly what some one said is called direct speech.In this we use inverted commas["

"] to mark off the exact words of the speaker like

  Reported verb example- He said,

 Reported speech example- "I am not well"

Indirect Speech- In this we report what the speaker said without quoting his exact words.

Reported verb example- He said

Reported speech example- that he was not well.

IMPORTANT RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

1.     if  REPORTED VERB is in present/future tense,there will be no change in the tense of reported speech like

              (DIRECT) He says" I am going to Delhi".
              (IN DIRECT)He says that he is going to Delhi.

     2. if the words within the quotation marks tell about the universal truth/habitual action, the tense inside quotation marks will not change.

              (DIRECT) He says, "The sun rises in  the east.

              (INDIRECT) He says that the sun rises in the east .

     3. if in reported verb there is an object along with 'to' then 'say/says/said' will change into 'tell/tells/told'

         respectively.

        EXAMPLES

         DIRECT- He says to me "I will help you."

         INDIRECT-He tells me that he will help me.

         DIRECT-She said to me,"I will help you."

         INDIRECT- She told me that she will help me.

     4. Simple past tense is changed into past perfect.

         DIRECT- He said,"He wrote a letter".

         INDIRECT- He said that he had written a letter.

     5. Past continuous will change in past perfect.like

         DIRECT- He said,"I was writing a letter".

         INDIRECT-He said that he had been writing a letter .